Theater Beckett Godot - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1845 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Assignment 1: Comparative Study How does Ionesco and Becketts dramaturgy in ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano express the absurdist and existentialist view that life is essentially meaningless. Ocà ©ane Herpin ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano are two of the most classic examples of why life is called the theatre of the absurd. The Theatre of the Absurd came about as a reaction to World War II. It took the basis of existential philosophy and combined it with dramatic elements to create a style of theatre which presented a universe which cannot be logically explained or defined; life is therefore meaningless and lacks purpose. The conventional qualities of traditional theatre: realistic characters and situations, comprehensible dialogues and a clear plot, were abandoned to convey this vision of absurdity. Instead, the characteristics which coincide with many of the plays in this modern absurdist theatre: broad comedy, tragic images, characters in hopeless situations, nonsensical dialogues full of clichà ©s and wordplay; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive were adopted and replaced the concept of the well-made play. Of these characteristics, this es say focuses on the dramaturgy, more specifically the cyclical dramaturgy that Beckett and Ionesco adopted in their plays, and how this is effective in expressing the absurdist and existentialist vision that life is inherently without meaning or purpose. As many Absurdist playwrights, Beckett and Ionesco did away with most of the logical structures of traditional theatre. Thus, ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano are often described as anti plays; they reject a coherent story-line, deviate from the traditional episodic structure, and seem to move in a circle, ending the same way they began. The plays have a beginning, but the beginning seems in a way arbitrary because what happened before the beginning does not seem important. The plays have an end, but the end somewhat recalls the beginning and thus a sense of circularity is created replacing the sense of closure that conventional stories generally provide. John W. Fiero makes an interesting observation t hat the ‘Ouroboros, a snake devouring its own tail, can serve as the new structural paradigm. It suggests an endless, tedious, and futile cycle. Becketts and Ionescos plays both rely on repetition and looping: in ‘Waiting for Godot the protagonists decide to move and then do not move, over and over again; the two sets of families in ‘The Bald Soprano become interchangeable at the end of the play. This reinforces the absurdist and existentialist idea of life as having no clear purpose and of life being an interminable waiting for a sense of purpose or closure that is unlikely ever to arrive. The seemingly endless waiting that Estragon and Vladimir undertake for the mysterious Godot reflects this idea and to effectively express it, Beckett abandons traditional plot development and creates a circular symmetrical movement throughout ‘Waiting for Godot. The second act parallels the first. Nothing new happens: Godot fails to appear in both acts, Vladimi r and Estragon find themselves caught in these pointless routines and repetitive pantomimes, further emphasizing the ridiculous purposelessness of their lives. In Act 2 the characters engage in ways that closely parallel the first act; the key difference seems to be an increased struggle in the second act to pass the time, which passed quickly in the first act because of Pozzo and Lucky, whose appearance is briefer in the second act. This pointless waiting and boredom makes Estragon more desperate to leave and Vladimir continually reminds him why they mustnt leave because theyre waiting for Godot: VLADIMIR: We cant. ESTRAGON: Why not? VLADIMIR: Were waiting for Godot. ESTRAGON: (despairingly) Ah! (Pause.) Youre sure it was here? Here we are given information that these two men are waiting for someone called Godot and Estragons tone suggests the possibility that it is not the first time and that they have done it before and been disappointed. This adds to the effect that there is no real beginning and their present situation is somewhat static. The characters want to go but feel stuck waiting for Godot. ESTRAGON: What about hanging ourselves? ESTRAGON: Dont lets do anything. VLADIMIR: Lets wait and see what he says. ESTRAGON: Who? VLADIMIR: Godot. They want to commit suicide, but have grown either too lethargic or too helpless to act on their desires, they are too caught up in their routines and habits. In their presence, even Pozzo catches on to this feeling, at the moment of his departure, they have an absurdly repetitive dialogue and Pozzo finds himself unable to leave: VLADIMIR: Adieu. POZZO: Adieu. ESTRAGON: Adieu [silence] POZZO: And thank you. VLADIMIR: Thank you POZZO: Not at all ESTRAGON: Yes yes POZZO: No no. [silence] POZZO: I seem to be unable[Long hesitation]to depart. ESTRAGON: Such is life. Paralysed, immobilised, forced to remain stationary, they must remain passive as well. Unable to act, they are capable only of waiting, waiting for the end they know will never come. But they remain still, in constant hope of being acted upon and remain in the same situation throughout the play, just as nothing really begun, nothing ever finishes. This structure of the play serves to reinforce the timelessness of their situation, thus emphasising on the pointlessness of their lives, that time passes by and nothing changes, but they remain in this static situation helplessly waiting for something, a reason or purpose to live, that they subconsciously know will never come to them. This similar cyclical, repetitive and absurd structure, ending where it first began, is adopted in Ionescos ‘Bald Soprano. In fact the Bald Soprano itself was inspired by the inane sentences Ionesco read again and again in the textbook he used to learn English. Already, Ionesco had acquired this sense of repetition and practical cyclical movement through his learning of a language. ‘The Bald Sopranos cyclical structure suggests that an infinite and tedious replay is possible but is aborted, not because there has to be an ending, but simply for practical necessity. Ionesco had to find a way to bring his play to closure; His first working solution was to end the action abruptly, using a sort of deus ex machina device in which the performance was closed down by the Superintendent of Police and his men, who open fire at the rebellious audience and simply order the theatre vacated. Other possibilities were considered but they were rejected as too problematic. Eventually, it was decided that the play should simply begin again, giving the work its cyclical structure. The final structural refinement was to substitute the Martins for the Smiths in the repeated opening. So the story begins again at the end, but the characters now play new roles. The actor that first played Mrs. Smith now plays Mrs. Martin; the former maid becomes the fire chief; and so on. [The play begins again with the Martins, who say exactly the same lines as the Smiths in the first scene, while the curtain softly falls] In ‘The Bald Soprano, the repetitive structure also parallels the language, one of the main themes in the play. Repetition is the perfect example of the freezing of language; the discussion between Mr. and Mrs. Smith for example. Following a long series of coincidences, told in exhaustive detail and in an irritating repetitive pattern (the same sentence structure, even the same sentences are repeated: How curious! How bizarre! What a coincidence!) The two come to the conclusion that they are married. Similarly to the characters in ‘Waiting for Godot, the characters in ‘The Bald Soprano find themselves caught up in a ridiculous, vicious cycle of repetition, nonsensical yet logically thought through. This also expresses an absurdist and existentialist view on society and its meaningless co nversation between people, words are used to express the most banal facts, but essentially they mean nothing, they express nothing but emptiness. This therefore reflects the meaninglessness of life in general. Also, there is a parallel symbolism between the circular structure of the play and the eminent presence of the clock. Both are a representation of time; Time is not linear, on the contrary it is circular, much like a clock, whose hands constantly turn in a circular motion. In ‘Waiting for Godot, the moon plays a similar role as a symbol which intensifies the passing of time and as an image of circularity. This repetitive cyclical structure also serves as a representation of memory (or lack thereof), a theme expressed in both ‘The Bald Soprano and ‘Waiting for Godot; life is happening to Vladimir and Estragon but they recall little of what is past and Mr and Mrs Smith only find out through a long conversational process that they are in fact married. In ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano we see that the [absurdist and existentialist] ideas that inform the plays also dictate their dramaturgy. In both plays there is little dramatic action (in the conventional sense); however the repetitive actions and dialogues serve to highlight that no matter how they try to fill time, nothing happens to change their existence. In Becketts ‘Waiting for Godot, plot is eliminated, and a timeless, circular quality emerges as Estragon and Vladimir spend their days waiting (but without any certainty of whom they are waiting for and whether he, or it, will ever come) In ‘The Bald Soprano this quality parallels language; The characters in ‘The Bald Soprano sit and talk, repeating the obvious until it sounds like nonsense, thus revealing the inadequacies and futility of verbal communication and conversation. The ridiculous, repetitive and purposeless behaviour and talk give the plays a sometimes comic s urface, but there is an underlying philosophical message, the absurdist and existentialist view that life is essentially without meaning or purpose. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theater Beckett Godot" essay for you Create order Bibliography: Beckett, Samuel, 2006, Waiting for Godot, London, Faber and Faber Limited Ionesco, Eugene, 1958, The Bald Soprano Other Plays, New York, Grove Press Inc. Esslin, M., The Theater of the Absurd. 3rd ed. 2004, Vintage, USA. Graver, L., Beckett: Waiting for Godot: A Student Guide. 2nd ed. 2004 CUP, UK. Schechner, Richard, The Bald Soprano and The Lesson: An Inquiry into Play Structure https://www.drama21c.net/writers/ionesco/schechner1.htm: accessed on 31/08/08 Scope- Archive: Articles, Portals Special Issue, Anti-Theatre on Film https://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/article.php?issue=3id=85section=articleq=jean: accessed on 31/08/08 Niehuis, Terry, in an essay for Drama for Students, Gale, 1997 Waiting for Godot (Criticism). https://www.answers.com/topic/waiting-for-godot-play-8: accessed on 28/08/08 WCU- Spring 2006 Analyzing WAITING FOR GODOT. https://brainstorm-services.com/wcu-2005/godot-notes-05.html: accessed on 20/08/08 Godot https://samuel-beck ett.net/Penelope/Godot.html: accessed on 20/08/08 Answers.com, The Bald Soprano (Style) https://www.answers.com/topic/the-bald-soprano-play-4: accessed on 31/08/08 Answers.com, Waiting for Godot (Style) www.answers.com/topic/waiting-for-godot-play-5: accessed on 31/08/08 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Theatre of the Absurd www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd: accessed on 20/08/08 Theatre of the Absurd Britannica Online Encyclopedia www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2002/Theatre-of-the-Absurd: accessed on 28/08/08 Rà ©sumà © de la pià ¨ce En attendant Godot de Samuel Beckett 2006 www.etudes-litteraires.com/forum/sujet-592-resume-piece-attendant-godot-samuel-beckett: accessed on 31/08/08

Effective Communication A Non Injury Claims - 817 Words

Within the position I have, A Non-Injury Claims Adjuster, I think that the main thing is being able to listen a communicate all relevant information. Although everyone has different ways in which they communicate, the only correct communication to me is effective communication. Without effective communication, many things can be passed on that are not true or that get twisted in some form of way. Recently, my team had an issue where something was said about vacation days not being available during a certain time of the year and because no one wanted to bring the issue to upper management, the issue was never resolved and at the last minute people were trying to take vacation at the same time. If someone would have brought the issue to upper management and asked for clarification, then the entire problem could have been avoided with the right communication. Grapevine I think that some of the best information is heard through the grapevine even if it’s not the best news or information but some part of the information has to be true or else it wouldn’t have been passed down. An example of where information that was passed through the grapevine was job openings for a certain position within Nationwide Insurance. Although the rumors came from those who already knew about the positions such as managers and employees already working in that department, there still wasn’t any time frame on when the hiring was going to take place and how many positions were open. I know for me IShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Safety : Safety And Safety918 Words   |  4 Pageshazards; safety goals, objectives and program audits; safety tracking and metrics; identification of hazards and control; safety education, training and communications. Talking about workplace safety, it is necessary to mention health and safety hazards. According to definition of Rajagopal J., â€Å"a ‘hazard’ is something that in itself may cause harm or injury.† (Rajagopal, 2009).Workplace hazards include moving parts of machinery, flammable or toxic substances and lifting heavy things. Also hazards can beRead MoreForensic Accountants Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesCertain government agencies have established core competency frameworks that a forensic accountant student’s must demonstrate. Some of these skills include strategic critical thinking, problem solving/decision making, leadership, interpersonal and communication skills, and professional and ethical behavior. Strategic critical thinking is the ability to link data, knowledge, and insight together from various disciplines to provide information for making a decision and communicate a vision, strategy, goalsRead MoreTreating Autism Spectrum Disorders1025 Words   |  5 Pagesclass of developmental brain disorders with symptoms that range widely with each affected individual. Autism is a disorder that varies in severity of social interaction and communication that can benefit from the help of different types of treatment. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, autism, pervasive development disorder, and non pervasive developmental disorder are disorders on the autism spectrum with differing levels of intensity. Treatments for autism include medications, special diets, and psychologicalRead MoreThe Importance Of Communication1210 Words   |  5 Pagesimportance of good communication skills. Most college students are familiar with the aspect of good communication, but everyone seems to avoid exp laining poor communication in detail. I believe the best way to practice good communication is to understand what poor communication is and to analyze how you may be practicing poor communication without proper knowledge. We use communication to express our thoughts and opinions. Communication takes place in many methods the main method of communication includesRead MoreThe Accident Compensation Corporation ( Acc ) And Case Management Society Of America1842 Words   |  8 Pagesclient and/ or family s comprehensive health needs, this is achieved through communication and finding cost effective resources available to help promote the quality of a person’s life (CMSA, 1990). New Zealand healthcare has a system that deals with accident and compensation only, this organisation was founded in 1974 and it’s called ACC (Accident Compensation Corporation). ACC deals with New Zealand’s accident or injury by helping treat and rehabilitate the affected claimant. ACC organisation isRead MoreLeadership in Crisis Situation1566 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 20, 2010 the Deep Water Horizon drilling unit operated by British Petroleum (BP) experienced a catastrophic explosion, resulting in 11 casualties, 15 serious injuries, and an uncontrolled discharge of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico for the next 3 months. Countless number of livelihoods that relied on the gulf’s ecosystem was indelibly marred by the environmental disaster, costing billions in damages that are still being accounted more than 2 years later. During the crisis, many differingRead MoreOrganizational Leadership as Correlate of Absenteeism at Work Station1724 Words   |  7 Page sFailure of scientific management gave birth to human relation movement. It was founded on more emphasis on workers cooperation and moral. The study of human relations is not a new phenomenon. It got recognition in business, production still continued to claim dominating place in business operation. Production still preceded worker in order of its focus on business organization. Human aspects of work such as decent hours of work, fair wages, good working condition were essential for industrial growth ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Health Information On Individuals, Professionals, And Organizations Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation is an important source of information and evidence when the services provided are communicated in legal and professional documentation. It is a documentation which is a legal requirement and a record of the beneficiary’ care as well as a communication vehicle between other disciplines and providers. It not only ensures the services provided to individuals but is a crucial tool to support reimbursement of services and a basis for research. Incomplete and improper documentation potentially mayRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1640 Words   |  7 Pagesthe emotions of each event. For some, life is more tragic than others and starts earlier than others. Children in particular are vulnerable to these tra gic events because they are unable to properly defend themselves, depending on their size and communication ability. Child abuse and neglect are problems that are happening to children all across the world. David Pelzer, author of the autobiographic book A Child Called It, was an American child who experienced child abuse and is still feelings its effectsRead MoreThe Exclusion Clause Of Sfl1694 Words   |  7 PagesHoughton) and statutory controls. In order to answer Part 2, it will necessary to structure an exception clause for SFL to avoid any future claims of consumers. Research into the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 (â€Å"UCTA†) and Consumer Rights Act 2015 (â€Å"CRA†) should be analysed. This essay will substantiate the view that the exclusion clause of SFL was invalid, therefore, a claim from Maz Supermarket would be entirely justified. On behalf of Part 2, the upcoming clause will protect the business for any consumer

Opportune the future Social Issues Free Essays

Whether your elbows feel offended if they are asked to leave the table, or your fingernails constantly suffer from being the victims of your mouth, bad habits, will always haunt us. It is not easy to totally eliminate or cease continuance of these habits. However, what we need to do to get rid of our habits, is to maintain the ability to weigh the pros and cons of our dreadful practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Opportune the future Social Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now More importantly, we need to keep our nation, and our people away from the horrid habit of marijuana usage. It is not necessary to say yes. It is not necessary to encourage legalization. As of today, the nation stands behind three basic ideas of what to do with marijuana; legalize it, make it legal for medicinal purposes only, or keep it as it is, illegal. Through the development of society and the advancement of technology, humankind has constructed many ways to make bad habits appear good. Many argue that the legalization of marijuana will improve our economy, and aid those suffering from diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis and various cancers. This article is designed to cut through the fog of misinformation and manipulation with cold, hard facts. The proposal of legalization has been approached without carefully considering the negative impingement on a person’s psyche, one’s societal values, the impact on a person’s health, and the detrimental effect on one’s basic ethics and morals. When the issue of legalization is debated, the medical aspects are always the first factor that is brought into the light of day, while other imperative portions of the issue are left to lie in the dust. Though when it is looked upon, there are many aspects concerning marijuana that can be considered harmful. When marijuana is consumed, it is taken into the body and affects the brain directly, disabling it to think normally. When someone on a â€Å"high† is spoken to, they seem very relaxed and carefree. This, to some may be a positive effect but in reality has been thought of as a definite negative. Paranoia and panic invade the users mind, giving them an unreal perception of reality. Short-term memory, coordination, learning, and problem solving are all factors that negatively affect the brain. How can all these destructive ideas be good? How can the unpleasant possibly succumb and overtake the â€Å"supposed† positives†? Marijuana is a very potent chemical compared to other psychoactive drugs. All the effects listed previous are long term, damaging effects that an individual will be left with. If a person were to use marijuana for medicinal purposes, it can be proposed that in the short term it may be doing good, but in the long term, with all the side effects being left behind; the arguments in support outweigh the disadvantages. The damaging effects of this drug have short-term effects as well, that disturbs and contorts the minds thinking. Research shows that marijuana is not physically addictive, but it can be psychologically addictive. When a person believes he or she is addicted, the feeling stems into a higher usage causing a cycle of detrimental effects. Some short term effects that may be caused by the dangerous drug are problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty with thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, anxiety, paranoia and panic attacks. All these things clutter the mind causing chaos and can lead to dreadful occurrences. Staring at all the things that are able to happen to the mind psychologically, gives the understanding that just because it may be useful in one case does not mean it will be valuable in senses of the overall case. With this said, the question of legalizing marijuana comes into play. Looking at the facts laid out in front of you thus far, the conclusion of what to decide can be made easy. Ethics are defined as a set of principles concerning correct conduct and moral values. One must realize that every single person has a different interpretation of ethics. However, how can society conclude that legalizing marijuana is ethical? It stands to reason that if this behaviour is currently prohibited by law and follows with a severe punishment, it must be widely and clearly judged to be immoral. Canada is on the verge of facing a drug problem, and this problem extends towards all citizens. The children of today, the future leaders of our society will be open to drug usage because inevitably, marijuana smoking will be just as common as the smoking of cigarettes. And why will the government let children grow up in a legal drug-abusing world? Only for selfish and immoral reasons like money. The most potent question to ask is; if marijuana is legalized, is it really worth it to throw all known morals into the trash, and let children be nurtured in a drug filled society? Marijuana promotion is also unethical. If this drug is legalized it will also be promoted, maybe not directly but just the fact of legalization will affect the decisions of millions worldwide. Rules and regulations are what hold civilizations together. When rules are broken there is a certain shaking of the society in consequence of the broken rule. If marijuana is legalized, there will be no more rules to enforce the usage of the drug, thus slowly leading to a deterioration of society. To legalize or not to legalize? That is the question. A question that is running through many peoples’ thoughts. The legalization of marijuana is a controversial debate that may never satisfy those in favour of it and against, in the end. Although the final decision is one made by the Ontario Government the impact the new law will have on society is heavily taken into consideration because of the influential role Marijuana has on our modern day society. The legalization of marijuana will have a negative impact on our society mainly because it becomes an invitation for children and adults to use the drug regularly. Children are not one to argue with what is legal, giving them an incentive to smoke marijuana as they do cigarettes negatively effecting their education and future. Although there are many children using marijuana, as it remains illegal, the difficulty of getting a hold of the drug and using it continues to be high. Some people argue that the legalization of this drug will increase the economic conditions of our nation not taking into account the increase in the number of people dependent on the drug. Thereby increasing the amount of money needed to run drug addiction programs, welfare for those who spend away their lifesavings on the drug and an increase for hospital beds and emergency rooms for those who get themselves overdosed or in a medical bind because of the drug. Where would the government find the time and money to support the needs and uses of marijuana? Through a social perspective the legalization of marijuana is detrimental to our society as it corrupts the lives of our children who are our future. When marijuana enters the bloodstream it acts significantly on the brain and the nervous system. Many physical effects take place such as; the heart rate is elevated from an average of 70 beats per minute to 130 or more due to the marijuana smoke containing carbon monoxide. This smoke impairs the oxygen carrying ability of the blood resulting in extra stress placed on the heart because it must work harder to move the blood throughout the body. Marijuana smoke also contains high amounts of tars and irritating chemicals, which damage the throat, windpipe, and lungs. Fungus infections have been found in 50% of marijuana smokers in a study at the University of Wisconsin. These infections (caused by aspergillis fungus) may lead to allergies or serious lung infections from inhaling the fungal spores into the lungs. In addition, marijuana also affects the body’s system of fighting infection and its production of hormones, which control important body activities. You begin to have trouble with motor skills, walking, talking, and coordination. It is clear that there are many powerful and complicated immediate effects, which take place when marijuana is absorbed into the bloodstream. This leaves an individual unaware of his/her surroundings and actions, thus making them unfit to make decisions on their own. In addition, smoked marijuana contains more than four hundred different chemicals, including most of the hazardous chemicals found in tobacco smoke. However, a substance called Marinol has been developed for patients who suffer from diseases marijuana can ease. This substance has been studied and approved by the medical community and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the nation’s watchdog over unsafe and harmful food and drug products. There are no FDA-approved medications that are smoked. Though many persistently argue that medicinal marijuana will relieve the pain of those who suffer from various diseases, it is clearly proven that they are wrong. In essence, marijuana does not need to be legalized for medicinal purposes. There is already an FDA approved drug being administered to those who need it. Legalization for even medicinal purposes will not drastically ease pain. Ironically, the smoking of this drug threatens to increase the health issues of these patients. Marijuana has often been touted as one of the safest recreational substances available. This is perhaps true. Nonetheless, It would be fallacious to conclude that because the chemicals in marijuana have been found to present fewer dangers than some very harmful substances, the medical or recreational use of marijuana is perfectly safe. In fact, it is simply ridiculous. These arguments and presumptions concerning the legalization of marijuana are more fictitious than a fairy tale. In fact, legalizing marijuana will cause a deterioration of one’s health rather than restoring it. There is still a great deal of research to be done concerning the effects of marijuana on humans. This is due to the fact that widespread marijuana use has only become prevalent in this country within the last two or three decades. Therefore, the effects of long-term use are just beginning to become apparent. Should Marijuana be legalized? It is evident that many people who support this bill generally try to construct this horrid habit into something good. Psychologically, ethically, socially and medically, studies and debates are continually pointing a thumbs-down sign for the plan of marijuana legalization to be executed. How to cite Opportune the future Social Issues, Papers

Why The Police Don’T Care About Computer Crime Essay Example For Students

Why The Police Don’T Care About Computer Crime Essay The computer has evolved a great deal since its creation over a third of acentury ago. The uses of the computer now seem endless. Unfortunately some ofthose uses include computer crimes. This paper will explore some recent crimesthat have occurred and the laws that apply to them. The first such incident took place in Russia between June and October1994. Six people were arrested in the scheme, in which $10 million wasallegedly shifted from Citibank to accounts in Finland, Russia, Germany, theNetherlands, the United States, Israel, and Switzerland. Of the $10 millionstolen, $400,000 has not been recovered. The clients who lost money have beenreimbursed. The Citibank system allows customers to transfer their money toaccounts at other banks. The hackers found a way to crack the system and madeabout 40 transfers of money totaling more than $10 million. The banks controlsystem provided the tip to the fraudulent transactions. At least one of thehackers, who was arrested about a year ago while in San Francisco openingaccounts to receive the money, is helping investigators. Another personarrested is a Russian computer expert who worked at a Russian software company. Vladimir Levin, head systems operator for AO Saturn, figured out how to getaround Citibanks security system and transfer money out of their accounts. Levin, of St. Petersburg, claims he should not be turned over to Americanauthorities because there is no evidence that any computers in the United Stateswere used in the scheme. The U. S. government says the funds were all routedthrough Citibanks wire transfer department on Wall Street.The JusticeDepartment wants to charge Levin with conspiracy and fraud. (Source: DelawareCounty Daily Times, 8/21/95)If turned over to American authorities, Levin is subject to ordinarytort law governing fraud. The feeding of false information to a computer andthen using the printouts to deceive the victim comes under tort law. TheElectronic Funds Transfer Act could also be applicable in this situation. TheEFTA makes it a crime to use any counterfeit, stolen, or fraudulently obtainedcard, code, or other device to obtain money or goods in excess of a specifiedamount through an electronic fund transfer system. The EFTA also makes it acrime to ship such devices of goods that were obtained in interstate com merce,or knowingly to receive goods that have been obtained by means of the fraudulentuse of the transfer system. (Source: Text book)The next two examples involve software piracy, or unauthorized use,copying or sale of computer programs. John Wolfe, an investigator for theBusiness Software Alliance last June recently uncovered a small business engagedin the unlawful installation of computer programs onto personal computers, andthe sale of those computers. TES Computer, of Fairfax VA. was reported to theBSA by several consumers complaining about problems with preinstalled programson their computers. TES offered very little help with the problems. Wolfeposed as an interested buyer at a local computer show that TES had a stand at. He noticed that TES was offering a standard desktop computer with 63preinstalled programs worth up to $10,000 for a mere $1,395. Also the computerprograms came with no manuals or extra disks, which is a sign that the programswere unregistered. Wolfe later bought a computer from them and examined itclosely, gaining evidence against TES. When confronted by the BSA with alawsuit, TES abruptly emptied its office. (Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer,8/26/95)The following example involves the popular new software program Windows95. The long awaited program hit stores on Aug. 24 but it has been selling instreet markets and shops in Europe and Asia for months. Robin Burton, Europeanspokesman for the anti-piracy group Business Software Alliance said, We foundthousands of copies of pre-release versions around. Burton added that Windows95 was on almost every CD-ROM we saw in Europe and the Far East. ChristineSantucci, a Microsoft spokeswoman in Redmond Wash., said the packages sell verycheap in Hong Kong. Youre basically buying about $20,000 worth of softwarefor $40, she said. (Source: Delaware County Daily Times, 8/23/95)These two incidences involve theft of software. When a thief takessoftware, whether in the form of of a program written on paper or a program on adisk or tape, a situation arises that does not fit into the common lawdefinition of larceny. This is because larceny at common law was confined tothe taking of tangible property. However virtually every state has amended itsdefinition of larceny or theft so that the stealing software is a crime. .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .postImageUrl , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:hover , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:visited , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:active { border:0!important; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:active , .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4 .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua75121e8d58ae32b560997f96152c3f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: David hume 2 Essay(Source: Textbook)Category: Law